Definition of Postzygotic Isolation in Evolution

Speciation is the divergence of two or more lineages from a common ancestor. For speciation to occur, there must be some reproductive isolation that occurs between formerly reproducing members of the original ancestor species. While most of these reproductive isolations are prezygotic isolations, there are still some types of postzygotic isolation that leads to making sure the newly made species stay separate and do not converge back together. Before the postzygotic isolation can happen, there must be an offspring born from a male and female of two different species. This means there were no prezygotic isolations, like the fitting together of the sex organs or incompatibility of the gametes or differences in mating rituals or locations, that kept the species in reproductive isolation. Once the sperm and the egg fuse during fertilization in ​sexual reproduction, a diploid zygote is produced. The zygote then goes on to develop into the offspring that is born and hopefully will then become a viable adult. However, offspring of two different species (known as a hybrid) are not always viable. Sometimes they will self-abort before being born. Other times, they will be sickly or weak as they develop. Even if they make it to adulthood, a hybrid will most likely be unable to produce its offspring and therefore reinforce the concept that the two species are more suited to their environments as separate species as natural selection works on the hybrids. Below are the different types of postzygotic isolation mechanisms that reinforce the idea that the two species that created the hybrid are better off as separate species and should continue with evolution on their own paths. The Zygote Is Not Viable Even if the sperm and the egg from the two separate species can fuse during fertilization, that does not mean the zygote will survive. The incompatibilities of the gametes may be a product of the number of chromosomes each species has or how those gametes are formed during meiosis. A hybrid of two species that do not have compatible chromosomes in either shape, size, or number will often self-abort or not make it to full term. If the hybrid does manage to make it to birth, it often has at least one, and more likely multiple defects that keep it from becoming a healthy, functioning adult that can reproduce and pass down its genes to the next generation. Natural selection ensures that only the individuals with favorable adaptations survive long enough to reproduce. Therefore, if the hybrid form is not strong enough to survive long enough to reproduce, it reinforces the idea that the two species should stay separate. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Viable If the hybrid can survive through the zygote and early life stages, it will become an adult. However, it does not mean that it will thrive once it reaches adulthood. Hybrids are often not suited for their environment the way a pure species would be. They may have trouble competing for resources such as food and shelter. Without the necessities of sustaining life, the adult would not be viable in its environment. Once again, this puts the hybrid at a distinct disadvantage evolution-wise, and natural selection steps in to correct the situation. Individuals that are not viable and not desirable will most likely not reproduce and pass down its genes to its offspring. This, again, reinforces the idea of speciation and keeping the lineages on the tree of life going in different directions. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Fertile Even though hybrids are not prevalent for all species in nature, there are many hybrids out there that were viable zygotes and even viable adults. However, most animal hybrids are sterile at adulthood. Many of these hybrids have chromosome incompatibilities that make them sterile. So even though they survived development and are strong enough to make it to adulthood, they are not able to reproduce and pass down their genes to the next generation. Since, in nature, fitness is determined by the number of offspring an individual leaves behind and the genes are passed on, hybrids are usually considered unfit since they cannot pass down their genes. Most types of hybrids can only be made by the mating of two different species instead of two hybrids producing their own offspring of their species. For instance, a mule is a hybrid of a donkey and a horse. However, mules are sterile and cannot produce offspring, so the only way to make more mules is to mate more donkeys and horses.

Problems Faced by Students in Pakistan - 3448 Words

Problems faced by students in current educational setup amp; their possible solutions 17 About the Author: Zara Saleem is one of the most talented students of Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan. She is the student of Final Semester, Pharm. D. | As we know that education is the backbone in the development of any nation, it is a fact that the countries with an effective system of education lead the world, both socially and economically. The key to development is good education system. Pakistan is one of those very few countries where the system of education has constantly deteriorated. The situation at present is so bad that our system of education is almost near collapse. [hana-code-insert name=StumbleUpon /][hana-code-insert†¦show more content†¦They cannot afford even the negligible fees being charged in the government institutions, let alone the books and uniforms for which they are to pay from their own pockets. Majority of our young ones are child labor, they indulge in child labor not only to feed them selves but to support their families too. In Pakistan education is very expensive due to the shortage of public educational institutes. We have only 73 public universities and most of the population study in these universities. Similarly, there is short number of public colleges where students can get free education. Our most of the students belong to the middle class and they have very limited resources. Parents can’t afford easily the expenses of studying their children. Lots of students have to work part time to sponsor their studies themselves. In students life nearly every student usually face financial crisis. Students usually have to buy books, note books, notes of their course outline and meet transportation expenses. They have to bear some extra expenses for that they can’t ask to their parents as bunk classes and going out with fellows, buying gifts for their girl friends / boyfriends and many other activities. Solution: Students can cope with these crises very easily by a little effort. There are lots of home tuitions available for to teach students for 2 or 3 hours and earnShow MoreRelatedThe Release Of India From The British Grip Of Power Seemed1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe release of India from the British grip of power seemed to be a historic victory, but it soon posed problems for the inhabitants the subcontinent. Ever since the formation of Pakistan and India, the East Pakistani population saw a cultural divide between themselves and their Western counterpart. Although there were numerous other factors that had contributed to this difference, language was the one critical catalyst for Bengali self-determination. 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In this regard, PTV has a distinct advantage since it has been the prime source of entertainment since the creation of Pakistan. PTV news is viewed as a ‘channel for oldies’. The prime reason being the kind of programs it airs on the channel. From the morning show to the hourly news bulletin, the channel is all about dull colors and quiet environment which is mostly preferredRead MoreChallenges Faced by Youth1980 Words   |  8 Pagesmost widely used rhetoric about our country’s future and this rhetoric is even more prevalent on our national days. Youth is a not biological age but rather a mindset. Pakistan is essentially a young country – almost half of the segment of Pakistani population belongs to youth with ages between the age 15-35 (66%). But, the problem with this assertion is quite simple, an army can have the best weapons in the world, but if it doesn’t use them properly and effectively it still loses the war. The sameRead MoreAnalysis And Evaluation Of The Business And Financial Performance Of An Organization1365 Words   |  6 Pagescomfortable dealing with number s, even during my studies as ACCA student I performed better in Areas that deal with numeric data as opposed to discussion and theories. I chose to write on Pharmaceuticals industry and Company I chose from this industry is Abbott Laboratories Limited (Pakistan). Reason for choosing target Company . Project Objective Objective that I set out for myself are: To do a financial analysis of Abbott Laboratories Pakistan. over the period of three years i.e. from 2013-2015. To conductRead MoreReflection Of I Am Malala1063 Words   |  5 Pages In â€Å"I am Malala†, Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997 in the province/state KPK in Pakistan (â€Å"I am Malala† chapter 3 pg.55). She belongs to a struggling but educated family, her father owns a school. Following two younger brothers, she is bright and talented student in her class, therefore, remain at top of the class. The entire world has been changed after 9/11 so does her life and Pakistan (I am Malala: chapter 6 pg. 85). There was also a great change in Pakistani government. She describesRead MoreLiteracy And Its Effects On Education1985 Words   |  8 Pageswas an issues in some countries. In past years, Illiteracy was a big issue to some countries like Pakistan, Ghana Ethiopia, South Africa and other places in Africa. Over the past years, the government of these countries focused on education. The levels of literacy in these countries was too high and there were causes of n egative impact toward education. For instance, literacy rate of girls in Pakistan and family were the negative impact. 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Education and Economic Aspect English Free Essays

As we know in this modern era English has been an international language, English has been used by many country in the world, English also used in international events, such as seminar, public discussion, conference, and treaty, the importance of English language can be seen and felt in everywhere such as: economy aspect, social aspect and educational aspect. First is economic aspect English is the dominant business language and it has become almost a necessity for all people to speak English if they are want to enter a global workforce, research from all over the world shows that the business communication is the most often conducted in English. It is very importance in the global market place to learning English because to join our dream’s jobs in any country, especially in an English-speaking country, we must be fluent in this language. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Economic Aspect English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether we are an aspiring doctor, engineer, academician, sportsperson, like students, businessmen, player’s, service holders Etc, we must learn English to progress in our field, So English language is really important for every occupation. And the second is social aspect; communication is the most important aspect to know our social, because with communication we will know the condition in our society, some countries use English as their mother tongue, English is language of communication between the people with different cultures, it is also the language of computers that help to communicate with the people around the world through Internet technology and e-mail. But we have to know that almost all computing operating systems, programs, software, etc are dominated by English language. So knowing English will help us to get information from other world. And the last is education aspect; education is one of the important aspects in our life because Education is the key to a person’s future. If we have a good education it will help us to achieve all types of goals and to reach our goals we have to study until high level and in this modern era if we want to continue our higher education we must learn English because most of the higher education books are in English. Language is the medium of expressing thought and feelings to others. English is the International language. People of the countries of the world speak English as a common language. As a result English has become the language of communication, higher studies science and technology. It is also the language of business and diplomacy. Without English no one can go to a foreign country. It is also necessary to get a good job. So all kinds of people like students, businessmen, player’s, service holders, doctor, engineer, academician, sportsperson and etc, must learn communicative English to make progress in their life. Without communicative English no one can shine in life, so, in my opinion we should give much stress in learning English from the very beginning, even thought there are many people said that English is difficult but I think it is not? We just need dedicate some time on regular basis to learning English. How to cite Education and Economic Aspect English, Papers

Corporation Business and Corporation Law

Question: Discuss about the case study Corporation for Business and Corporation Law. Answer: Introduction: According to law, a contract or agreement between individuals in which either of the parties can lawfully compel the performance of the other is known as enforceable agreement (Alan Robert, 2003; p. 25). This means that the agreement or contract carries the force of law behind it. The courts can also become involved in enforcing contracts, with the inclusion of having a portion declared void. In the situation presented, Jane has simply made Jack an offer without stating a price limit of how much it should sell for. Therefore, the contract is rather open and it is Jack who is to decide whether or not to accept the offer. Moreover, he is not obliged by law to fulfill the particulars of this contract or act upon it. Application/Analysis Jane has made an offer to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack. She has not stated any price in terms of how much the car should go for. However, Jane has only stated the market value of this type of car in good condition. Given these facts, this type of agreement or contract is an unenforceable one even though it is still considered valid. Therefore, a legal entity cannot compel one or both parties to act on it or fulfill its terms and conditions since there is a public policy or statute making it unenforceable (Leigh, 2001; p. 74). Jane may not succeed in selling her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack especially if Jack finds the offer unfavorable. Moreover, Jack is not legally liable to fulfill the terms and conditions of this particular agreement because it is only the market value which has been stated. On the other hand, Jack may counteroffer this offer by offering a lower price than the $25,000 for the sports car since he has already accepted it. Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $25,000. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25,000. Jack accepts. Issue The issue here is whether or not an enforceable agreement is present when Jack accepts the offer. Rules As already indicated, an enforceable agreement is that which either parties can lawfully induce the performance of the other. In this case, there is an enforceable agreement because Jane has not only offered a selling value for her Lotus Super 7 sports car, but has also indicated the market value for this type of vehicle in good condition. In addition, Jack has accepted to fulfill the terms of this agreement. This means that he has been legally obliged to act on the contract, lest he be held liable for breach of contract. Application/Analysis Jane made an offer for her Lotus Super 7 sports car at $25,000. Notably, this price is similar to the market value of the vehicle in good condition. Jack has accepted the offer. One may conclude that the vehicle was in good condition because of the similarity in prices. Therefore, Jane would get value for her sports car and would not go at a loss. Conclusion Given the fact that this particular contract is enforceable, Jack would be held liable for breach of contract if he fails to honor its terms. Jane is also offering the vehicle in good condition and this is perhaps the reason why Jack has accepted the offer. Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $2,500. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25,000. Jack accepts. Issue The issue here is whether or not an enforceable agreement is present when Jack accepts the offer. Rules In this case, the contract is enforceable. Jane has offered to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a much lower value than its market price. This is an attractive price for any potential buyer. However, a contract or agreement, oral or written, may be difficult to enforce unless the terms therein can be evidenced or are admitted by the parties involved (Mather, 1999; p. 76). Once Jane has accepted payment or Jack has accepted delivery of the sports car covered by the oral contract, it makes the agreement valid even in a court of law. Application/Analysis Jane has offered to sell her vehicle to Jack at a lower price than that of its market value. Jack has accepted, making the contract valid. Looking at these facts, the parties involved are not only competent individuals who have the lawful capacity to contract, but have also agreed to the terms laid therein. There is also mutuality of obligation. Notably, Jack has apparently made a counteroffer and received a lower price than the vehicles market value. Jane has accepted the counteroffer and is willing to fulfill the terms of the contract. Conclusion If this was a court case, Jack would not prevail because he has already accepted the offer made particularly after making the counteroffer. It may be assumed that the vehicle is not in good condition and thus cannot be offered at its market value. This means that Jack has accepted to receive the Lotus Super 7 sports car at the value being offered by Jane, and will make the necessary repairs or alterations himself. Failure to pay for the vehicle may result in a legal suit. A shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The contract was in US dollars and didnt contain any provisions for currency fluctuations. Approximately halfway through construction of the ship, the United States devalued its currency by 10%. As the shipbuilder stood to make a loss on the contract, it demanded that an extra US$3 million be paid or it would stop working. The buyer reluctantly agreed under protest to pay, as he already had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it be delivered on time. The buyer didnt commence action to recover the excess payment until some nine months after deliver. Will the buyer succeed in recovering the excess? Issue The issue here is whether or not the buyer will succeed in recovering the excess. Rules In the case presented, the buyer will not succeed in recovering the excess payment because it is considered to be void. A contract made not more than nine months or 180 days before the judgment against the buyer became uncollectible between the buyer and shipbuilder in which the former had a financial interest. If the tanker has experienced normal wear and tear, then the buyer shall be liable to the shipbuilder for the full amount the former paid for the contract (Beaston, n.d.; p. 43). Otherwise, the buyer shall only be liable to the shipbuilder for the market value of the tanker. From what can be deduced in the case presented, the contract did not include any provisions regarding currency fluctuations. An unexpected incident which was the devaluing of the currency by 10% was observed. This meant that the shipbuilder would incur losses on the initial contract. A contract between the shipbuilder and the buyer pursuant to which the latter has paid or agreed to pay the money to the for mer, and where the shipbuilder has not yet carried out the obligations under the contract, makes this effort uncollectable. The buyer in this case reluctantly agreed to pay for the loss incurred by the buyer following the currency devaluation. However, he did not proceed to recover the excess payment until some one hundred and eighty days after delivery. Application/Analysis The facts of the case are that a shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker. In the agreement, there were no provisions with respect to currency fluctuations. Nevertheless, a fluctuation did take place and the shipbuilder refused to continue working on the tanker until he was paid an extra amount of money. Legal contracts or agreements seeking to offer clarity and certainty for parties involved require that certain components be agreed upon before being lawfully enforceable. These elements include parties, property, and price. The additional payment for the loss incurred was not included in the original contract and therefore meant that it would be determined by the purchasers word-of-mouth or promise (Slawson, n.d.; p. 90). There was no wholly acceptable price or provisions for currency fluctuations in the contract. Moreover, there was no objective mechanism laid out in case of such incidents while the shipbuilder was building the tanker. The buyer was coerced into making the extr a payment because he/she had a deadline to beat. Notably, he pursued the recovery of the excess payment nine months after the tanker had been delivered to him. According to the law, despite the misunderstanding in between the fulfillment of the contract terms, the shipbuilder managed to complete the construction of the tanker and deliver it on time. He did not breach the contract. However, the buyer was late in pursuing this particular issue and thus rendered the recovery of the excess amount void. The buyer had an opportunity to cancel the contract with the shipbuilder when the currency fluctuated, but he did not. By law, when the shipbuilder communicated his disinterest in continuing to build the tanker for the buyer, he was indirectly breaching the contract. But since the buyer was willing to reluctantly cater for the loss incurred, the contract was not terminated (Bakan, 2004; p. 45). Notably, failure by the shipbuilder to carry out the obligation to provide the buyer with the necessary conditions within the time established by the contract and lack of proof of readiness of the tanker for shipment, constitute the shipbuilders failure to perform as per the contract. This condition is admitted as reasonable claim for the recovery of excess payment made by the buyer and the penalty founded on that payment. Conclusion Looking at the case presented, it has been established that the buyer will not succeed in recovering the excess payment. If this was a court case, it would be found that the shipbuilder has no case to answer and is not liable for anything. The fact of the matter is that the buyer made an effort to recover the excess nine months after delivery of the tanker. This means that the agreement of the contract had already been fulfilled despite the brief misunderstanding following the currency fluctuation. The shipbuilder did not breach the initial contract despite there being no knowledge of future occurrences. For recovery of excess payment in a contract to take place, there needs to be a number of conditions for instance the pursuance is made prior to the nine months deadline. Recovery can also be made if the contract was breached, and only partial fulfillment of the original contract was completed. The buyer can also be successful in recovery of payment if he/she had opted to terminate o r cancel the initial contract at the point when the shipbuilder requested for additional payment following the currency fluctuation (Muchlinski, 2007; p. 77). Recovery of excess payment would be made possible if this payment was made under fraudulent circumstances. However, the shipbuilder was quite clear about his condition despite the fact that the terms of the contract had not yet been fulfilled. The initial contract was binding and considered valid. Therefore, any payment that would be made in the course of the contract period would also be considered lawful. Moreover, the factors necessary for a contract to be considered valid or legal were present, for instance consent, acceptance, offer, consideration, contractual terms, and capacity (Seidl-Hohenveldern, n.d.; p. 97). When changes were made in the course of fulfilling the contract, the buyer did not refuse to pay the extra charges. There was no fraud, carelessness, favoritism, collusion, or misrepresentation in this particular case. That is why the buyer will not be able to recover the excess. References Alan, S., and Robert, S, E., 2003. Contract Theory and the Limits of Contract Law. The Yale Law Journal, 113(3). Alan, S., and Robert, S, E., 2010. Contract Interpretation Redux. The Yale Law Journal, 119(5). Andrew, R., 2005. The Limits of Voluntariness in Contract. Melbourne University Law Review, 29(1). Bakan, J., 2004. The corporation: The pathological pursuit of profit and power, New York: Free Press. Beaston, J. E. ., and Friedman, D. E., n.d. Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law. USA: Claredon Press. Buckley, F, H., 2005. Just Exchange: A Theory of Contracts. London: Routledge. DiMatteo, L, A., n.d. Contract Theory: The Evolution of Contractual Agreement. USA: Michigan State University Press. Kreither, R., 2007. Calculating Promises: The Emergence of Modern American Contract Doctrine. USA: Stanford University Press. Leigh, B., 2001. Freedom of or Freedom from? The Enforceability of Contracts and the Integrity of the LLC. Duke Law Journal, 50(4). Mather, H., 1999. Contract Law and Morality. Westport, C,T: Greenwood Press. Muchlinski, P., 2007. Multinational enterprises and the law. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Omri, B-S., and Bernstain, L., 2000. The Secrecy Interest in Contract Law. The Yale Law Journal, 109(8). Posner, E, A., 2003. Economic Analysis of Contract Law after Three Decades: Success or Failure? The Yale Law Journal, 112(4). Randin, M, J., 2012. Bipolerate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Seidl-Hohenveldern, I., n.d. Corporations in and under international law, Cambridge, UK: Grotius. Slawson, D., n.d. Binding Promises: The Late 20th Century Reformation of Contract Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Winning Isn’t Everything, It’s the Only Thing an Example by

Winning Isn’t Everything, It’s the Only Thing This phrase is made famous by Vince Lombardi formerly Green Bay Packers (NFL) coach. Many today would not be able to realize that according to the biographical sketch of the coach, Lombardis original statement was exactly that Winning isnt everything but making the effort to win is (Maraniss, 2000). This quote has become sports most quotable phrase in history. This phrase epitomizes unregulated sense of extreme competition which has pervaded the American Sports history and eventually being applied on other facets of human interactions. Within the customs and traditions of contemporary American society where success has become an idol, with assets like wealth as gauge for acceptability and where the obvious determinant of the use of power lies in possessions, the words supposedly attributed to Lombardi has turned out to be the most important motivating phrase. I dont believe that winning is everything. Many people took this as an oath for their lifes quest- from athletic podiums and s tadiums to school house cheers. Need essay sample on "Winning Isnt Everything, Its the Only Thing" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed I'm don't want to write my essay now. I don't have the time Specialists suggest: Find Your Helping Hand! Custom Essay Writing Service Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Cheapest Essay Writing Service Cheap Essay Writing Service Joining in any competition or any endeavor just to win is not a healthy disposition to hold for any person. Experts on the study of human behavior say that any form of obsession is in the realm of sub normalcy and the person may one day see the repercussions in his relationships, in his health and his overall functioning. On the other hand, many individuals today from the Olympics to small town contests, who work as competition coordinators, underscore participation, sharing, and involvement over competition in itself. Nevertheless, parents and guardians of competitors or participants care much about the results of the contests because nobody can deny that success and winning are inseparable entities. The question now would be how to exhibit excellence and achievement without thinking about winning? There lies a paradox. In whatever routine evaluation is done on the effort made to calculate the mistakes and errors as well as provide a basis for future improvement. Because winning is not everything and effort is more important, it is still undeniably difficult where to draw the line between mere competitiveness or the singular motive of putting in the effort. Moreover, it is realistic to admit that without a sense of competition, any sports activity or contest will no longer be much fun for participating teams or individuals and their respective families. In addition, we cannot eliminate altogether any form of competition because of this reality. There is big money in sports and human nature cannot resist the many opportunities and privileges as their by-products. Many live and breathe just to win and make it their lifelong pursuit. For the rest, the constant adrenalin rush is all the more tempting. However, there are those who look at it with a sense of discipline. For the select few who can stretch and sustain themselves by enjoying the healthy physical side of the exercise, they do not steer themselves way clear from it all. Rather, they get the fulfillment from learning to not win. Clearly, we enjoy sports and competitions because we enjoy the exhilaration of winning. Probably the key here lies in redefining winning in terms of specific goals and how they are achieved and rewarded. References David Maraniss. When Pride Still Mattered: A Life Of Vince Lombardi. Simon & Schuster, 2000. (Chapter 21, "Winning Isn't Everything" and Chapter 22, "It's the Only Thing.") Steven J. Overman, 'Winning isn't Everything. It's the Only Thing': The Origin, Attributions and Influence of a Famous Football Quote, Football Studies. Volume 2 Issue 2 (October 1999).

010 The Conversation and Carr Professor Ramos Blog

010 The Conversation and Carr Quick Write Quick Write Do you think college is fun? What is fun about it? What can we do to make it fun? They Say Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. It has become common today to dismiss college as a necessary chore that people must go through in order to get a job. In her book, Reality is Broken, game designer and researcher Jane McGonigal makes the case for using games to make the world a better place. Four Defining Traits of a Game Goal. The outcome that the players will work to achieve. It focuses attention and gives you a sense of purpose. Rules. Limitations on how to achieve the goal. It will unleash creativity and foster strategic thinking. Feedback System. Tells players how close they are to achieving their goal. Provides motivation to keep playing. Voluntary Participation. Requires that you knowingly accept the goal, rules, and the feedback. You have the freedom to enter and leave the game at will. With these four ideas in mind, how can we apply this to college? Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used, help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided, to help us practice the principles of writing. It is true, of course, that critical thinking and writing go deeper than any set of linguistic formulas, requiring that you question assumptions, develop strong claims, offer supporting reasons and evidence, consider opposing arguments, and so on. But these deeper habits of thought cannot be put into practice unless you have a language for expressing them in clear, organized ways. (TSIS) State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid.

The National Guard Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The National Guard - Case Study Example The advantages of the National Guard: â€Å"From college degrees to lessons of the heart, the Guard ensures you a higher education†. The education that is spoken of here is not merely academic, but richer experiences of bravery, skill, sacrifice, courage, valor, life and death. It teaches a person how to value life because death stares him in the face all the time. It teaches him how to nurture courageousness because he witnesses fear in times of adversity. It helps him place a high value on friendship because he sees friends being torn apart by death. These are a few of the values that get internalized as one works in the National Guard. The Reserve Component and Mobilization Policy now in force states that, â€Å"National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers will mobilize and deploy for only one year† as earlier it was 15 months. This would help students not to miss out on school so much. The disadvantages of the National Guard: One of the difficulties faced by the National Guard is the stress of constant overseas deployment. Students find it quite stressful when they have to leave school suddenly and go overseas.Another factor in question is that there is no guarantee for the life of a soldier. He is on call 24/7 and has to serve with his life whether he likes it or not. He does not have the freedom to say that he can’t do a job. He has to be totally committed to his job. A National Guard has to work odd hours and in very dangerous situations. He has to face extremely stressful and strenuous situations and give his life if necessary. Sometimes he has to bear the loss of his leaders or comrades who save their countrymen while losing their own lives. He has to have the courage to smile through all the hardships he faces. A National Guard does one of the toughest jobs on Earth by defending his country with his life. He learns from life's experiences and therefore understands it in a way none of us can! He is one of the most

Population policy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population policy - Article Example Further, the article shows (Table 2) the effects of the policy change. With the prior 1979 priority on increasing birth defects, the resulting 2011 population census shows 71 percent of the 2011 Iraq population belongs to 15 years to 64 years age group. In the 2006 census, 70 percent of the population similarly belonging to the same 15 years to 64 years age group. When the 1980s change to the birth control population program was implemented, the birth rate consequently decreased. The population reduction effects can be seen in the 2011 and 2006 population. The resulting 2011 population census shows a smaller 23percent of the 2011 Iraq population belongs to 0 years to 14 years age group. In the 2006 census, a similarly smaller 25 percent of the population similarly belonging to the same 0 years to 14 years age group. Further, societal factors triggered the Iranian population policy change. In 1986, Iran unfavorably became overpopulated, 74 million people. More women shifted from child bearing to work and school priorities. The shift triggered the lower birth rates (Groth, 2012). With lesser population, food supply increases. There are lesser hungry individuals. Prices of food decline. Government can allocate lesser amounts to feeding a smaller population. Hunger being resolved, the people are better contributors to the society’s betterment. More well-fed people produce more quality outputs. Food supply affects Iraq’s population growth. Famine crops up when the food supplies are not enough to feed the population. With famine, some people die of hunger. Lack of food discourages many reasonable families from procreating. Consequently, the scarce food supply normally triggers a reduction in Iraq’s population growth rate (Murray, 2013). I can improve the current policy. I require a portion of the Iraq government’s funds detoured to the production of more agricultural food products. Government hires more

Art homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art homework - Essay Example There are curved lines that are used to draw the tentacles of the animal. Swirling lines have also been used in the piece of art. The lines do occur at the edge where the color and texture change. Subject matter: the second painting is an oil painting that portrays three people on horses. This is evident as the artist drew the three people from the back side and you can see the back side of the horse. Based on the dressing by the three people , they seem to be from Mexico. What the artist had in mind was drawing three people who were riding their horse in a large field most probably the large coca plantations ( Reza 38). This is evident with the vanishing point that is evident in this piece of art. The piece of art has bright colors. a) Color – the colors that the artist used in drawing this kind of art were red, yellow and green. These are colors that are on can see in the real world. The dominant colors in this picture were bright colors. b) Lines – there are different types of lines that the artist uses . There are curved lines that are used to draw the people on the horses and the mountain. Swirling lines have also been used in the piece of art. The lines do occur at the edge where the color and texture change. Subject matter : The third painting is an oil painting that portrays a family. There is a man, woman and a child at the center. The horizon that connects the man is a resemble of the connection between the two (Reza 37). The flower just besides the child means that when and woman are in love they can get married and give birth to a child. The objective that the artist had in his mind while drawing this picture was drawing a complete family and add some artistic feature like the clouds and the flowers. The picture has bright colors. a) Color – the colors that the artist used in drawing this kind of art were yellow and green and the rainbow colors. These are colors that are on can see in the real world. The dominant

Human Resource Development Information Technology Essay

Human Resource Development Information Technology Essay What is the role of technology in Human Resource Development. Identify some key forms of e-learning and critically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, providing appropriate examples from organisations. This essay will identify and discuss the role of technology in Human Resource Development. It will define what Human Resource Development is and why it needs technology. Also it will discuss what electronic learning (e-learning) is, and will explain some key forms of e-learning and why we need to use e-learning. It will give a brief indication as to what technology actually is, and also the progression of technology. The essay will critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using e-learning in Human Resource Development. There will be appropriate examples used to show how different organisations use e-learning within their company/organisation. Finally it will offer conclusions as to why I think technology should or should not be a part of Human Resource Development. Technology Technology is used in nearly all organisations these days including schools, companies and universities as examples. What people may not know is what it actually means. Technology is a branch of knowledge that can deal with the creation and the use of technical means and their interrelation with life, the environment and society. Technology draws upon subjects such as industrial arts, applied science, engineering and there are many more. Technology can be seen as a process or an invention of something. (Technology, N.D) Progressive Technology Technology is always progressing and this is very good for companies who need or even sell technology. If we look at how a few years back within companies the secretary would need to file documents manually and this could take a long time, also apart from the time issue there were more serious problems like documents going missing or being damaged. This is where technology began to progress because there was a new technology progressing and this was the database and this could hold all the documents you needed safely onto the computer and that way it would be a lot faster and more secure for the secretary to file the documents. This is just one example there are many more ways in which technology has helped to progress companies. The example given here is just to show that technology is progressing and it will keep progressing much further in the future years to come. Human Resource Development Human Resource Development is all about learning, training, developing and education the employees in the workplace. There is a difference between these four concepts but there all correlated. If for example we looked at learning; this can be learnt anywhere and you can be learning yourself the new skills, but on the other hand if you looked at education you are being taught something but in a formal way but the two are linked because from both of these you are learning new skills and then you can go on to training and developing them skills. HRD was not always known as this, there was a shift from welfare officers to HRD. HRD was initially set up for training and development and this was to help the employers in crafts such as electricians, or engineers as an example and from this they would be learning from their masters and will be developing their skills to be able to perform in the workplace. HRD created an integration of people management and development and this could become CIPD which stands for the chartered institute of personnel and development. HRD likes to be strategic and is more for the organisation than the employees; it is also a long term method to help to build the company. HRD does like to implement change into their methods and this is why e-learning will be very convenient to help within organisations because it is constantly changing and this change would help employees improve on their learning and training and will be able to implement new skills within the workplace. E-learning What is e-learning? Firstly before I go into detail about how e-learning helps HRD perform you will need to know what e-learning actually is. E-learning used to be known as computer-based learning, this is basically what it still is, it is a way of learning but on a computer or even these days there is even m-learning which is through the mobile. We need e-learning in everyday life to be able to adapt the required skills in education, employment, even at home. It can be defined as any learning activity supported by information and communication technologies which is known as ICTs. There are arguments out there concerning the labels, an example of this is whether ICT-based learning is the same as e-learning, we can gather information from the world wide web channel and this would be our online materials, but we can also get materials from this intranet would could be confused as being from the world wide web but instead this material is delivered through an internal network of personal computers. E-learn ing is in fact taken to mean any form of electronic technology which can support learning this can be opposed to the chalk and blackboard technology which used to be the main form of learning. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. To implement the learning process the information and communication systems will serve as a specific media. It is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. The applications and processes will include web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and also digital collaboration. The contents can be delivered via the Internet or even from an audio or video tape. E-learning can be self-taught or even instructor-led, this can be done in groups or even individually, it can include media in the form of text, image animation, video streaming and audio. (e-learning, 2010) What is the purpose of e-learning? The purpose of e-learning is to advance and develop peoples skills. This is why it is so important to HRD because the aim of HRD is to learn, train, develop and educate people; this is exactly what e-learning does for people. Without e-learning I think people would be under developed with skills and this may not help them progress into a work place. E-learning can help to increase teacher effectiveness and will also improve the learning of the subject matter. With HRD I think trying to teach people new subjects can be quite tedious and this could be off putting for them involved and this can decrease their knowledge levels and even cause them to lose a job because they havent got the right skills needed for the job, this is where e-learning comes in with HRD because it makes the learning more relevant for them involved and helps them to become more interactive. E-learning now changes the way that people were taught new subjects because before people were being taught on a I will writ e out the subject and you will go away and learn it basis, but now computers are involved and people can teach themselves and this is the whole purpose of e-learning and it helps HRD to perform better. (Churchill, 2010) Have you used e-learning? What was your experience? I have used e-learning before, I am actually using a tool of e-learning now and that is Microsoft Word. I am constantly using this to complete assignments for my university work and I can develop my skills using this because there are so many different options within word for me to be able to expand my learning; an example of this would be to add a page number instead of doing this manually I can select an option to do it automatically. Another tool of e-learning that I use regularly is Facebook, I use this to keep in touch with friends and family and there are also applications on their which can help me towards education or my occupation. I am always very happy using e-learning and a lot of the time I actually prefer to use e-learning because I find it more interactive and detailed and when I learn this way I find that I actually want to learn because I dont get bored and uninterested in the subject. Different forms of e-learning There are a number of different ways which e-learning can be presented. The main two forms of e-learning are; traditional e-learning which is based on highly produced web courses and there is rapid e-learning which is based on the name rapid because this is quickly produced web courses. In addition to this there are also two types of Rapid e-learning which are asynchronous and synchronous. Asynchronous is mainly student directed and at a self-paced learning which can come under the learning concept for human resource development. Synchronous is at a set time which could happen in an internet classroom session as an example and this could again come under the education concept for human resource development because education can be taught within a classroom for example. With these two forms of e-learning there are not specific types of companies that should choose between traditional e-learning and rapid e-learning. It just simply means that some projects are best suited for either on e of them. Traditional e-learning the content of this is more fixed and it rarely changes, it is also generic and has a long shelf life. However it does need a large budget in order for it to be put into action. Rapid e-learning the content is rapidly changing and is updated quite frequently, also it may not be generic or have a short shelf life. The budget for this way of learning is limited or non-existent. The information is very hot topic and is just in time. (Readygo, unknown) In order to use traditional or rapid e-learning correctly you will need to use different tools which are available. Traditional e-learning developers will use Power User tools. These are specifically designed for graphics artist, web designers, programmers, and instructional design experts, and this will be useful for any persons working in these sectors and will help to develop human resource development. Rapid e-learning which is typically used in small or medium enterprises will need tools that can produce interesting multi level courses but do not require a graphic or design background. This easiest tool which can be used is Power Point. (Readygo, unknown2) Different types of e-learning: As well as different forms of e-learning there are also a number of different types. I think depending on the workplace and the HRD set up within the workplace it does not matter what types of e-learning you use, it will be the type of e-learning which is best suited for the organisation. Below I will just list a couple of examples of e-learning: You tube Facebook Google search Wikipedia Power Point Microsoft Office Firefox Pb wikis This is just a small example just to show that there are a number of different kinds of e-learning, and also to show that they vary also. There are number of different applications from Microsoft office to Firefox. Each of these applications however does play an important role for human resource development, and will help to implement skills for people. (Hart, 2010) Bangor University An example of an institute using e-learning to develop HRD is Bangor University. Bangor University implement a lot of e-learning to help their students develop their skills. The main type of e-learning which is used by the university is Blackboard. This is has been brought into the mainstream of teaching and learning activities within the university. It is one of the most central systems which are not only used by the students but also the lecturers also. Within blackboard the lecturers are able to integrate presentations which contain both audio and video content onto the online courses. This will then go on to develop online questions and test provisions which will simultaneously drive learning activity and reduce marking workloads. Also included with Blackboard is the use of online discussion forums in supporting the development of learners and understanding and this can become useful for HRD because students can be educated by other students or even lecturers by submitting questi ons onto the forum as an example. Another example of e-learning which the university use is webmail. This is the emailing tool of e-learning in which students, lecturers, support staff or whoever is involved with the institute can communicate with one another or even with people outside of the university. (Bangor University, unknown) Tesco Tesco is an example of a company which also use forms of e-learning within the workplace. Tesco was looking into developing an Online Academy which was going to be a new learning portal which hopefully in the end would eventually serve the learning needs of over 400,000 staff across the global businesses. Their aim was to develop a cost-effective solution, Tesco would be partnered with Kineo to design and also deploy learning based on Moodle. During 2009 Tesco piloted its Academy Online portal as a proof of concept for a learning management solution and portal for their staff across this business. Tesco wanted explore alternatives with open source technologies, with doing so they saw a potential to make highly customised solutions with a strong focus on the user experience. Tesco chose Kineo to design and develop the portal solution based on the experience they had at combing user experience and web design. This was to make it easier for their staff to understand how to use the porta l easily and in a way in which they were able to extend their skills when working for Tesco, also it was to help them to manage and update the software easily. (Kineo, 2009) Critical evaluation Advantages There are many advantages towards e-learning. The advantages are as follows: The work can be scheduled around personal and professional work. It can be cost effective because it can reduce the need to travel. It gives the users the option of selecting the learning materials which will meet their level of knowledge and interest. If an organisation wanted to organise a study session it can be studied wherever they have access to a computer and Internet. E-learning is self-paced which will allow learners to work at their own pace There are a number of different learning styles which are addressed and facilitation of learning occurs through varied activities. An important advantage is that e-learning can build self-knowledge and self-confidence and can also encourage the learner to take responsibility for their learning. E-learning is very good for communication because with online portals such as Black Board the users can contact their tutors or even students very easily. Interaction can also be an advantage for e-learning because some people may feel less confident talking face-to-face, but with e-learning there are some aspects where you can interact with someone without being face-to-face. E-learning can be time flexible; learners are able to access everything they need in one place at any time so long as they have the Internet. More people are able to afford to use e-learning, this can then go on to gain them a place at universities as an example because they can save money from expenses such as travelling, accommodation and even high fees for tutors. There are many advantages that come with e-learning, and all these advantages will play a role in human resource development. Also it will help to play a part in a users everyday life and will help them to progress their learning, training, development and education. (writing, 2006, unknown, 2008) Disadvantages As well as advantages there are a number of disadvantages which come with e-learning. Below I will list a number of disadvantages: There can be some learners who are unmotivated can because of this their poor study habits may fall behind. E-learning is very different from any other kind of learning and this may affect the learners knowledge due to lack of familiar structure, also the will then make the routine longer to get used to. E-learning can be a lonely way of learning which could leave the learner to feel isolated or even miss social interaction. If you required further instructions the instructor for the course may not always be available on demand. A lot of e-learning can be carried out online, however this may be useful for some but for others the can be frustrating due to slow or unreliable Internet connections. Face-to-face communication can be vital to how someone learns and because of the lack of this there can be a lack of understanding between the learner and the instructor. There is a limited amount of time for e-learning if you were using video conferencing as an example, and this could lead to the teaching being rushed and the learner not being able to learn enough. As you can see from the above there are some disadvantages, however there are fewer disadvantages than there are advantages. The disadvantages can however help human resource development because they can learn from this and try and avoid the disadvantages and use this to their advantages. (Writing, 2006, unknown, 2008) Conclusion In my opinion I believe that the role of technology in Human Resource Development is very much needed. I believe that along with technology the main form of this is e-learning and with my own personal use I think that this is very much need in order for us to be able to develop HRD. With e-learning you can learn so many new skills which can help you too improve in the workplace. However there are a couple of disadvantages like the lack of face-to-face communication which can affect how e-learning is used.

American Democracy Essay -- Government Politics US Essays Political Sc

American Democracy The American democracy is one of the most peaceful kinds of government in the world although it is a long way from utopia. The democracy in which we live has many strengths and weaknesses. Neither strengths or weaknesses out weigh one another, but it is necessary to have both due to the varying definitions. A democracy is a government that is run by the people. The politicians that we elect to run our government are human and they are susceptible to mistakes based on their own strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses they possess are reflected into our government but at least â€Å"we the people† elect them and they are not chosen for us. We live in a representative democracy that means â€Å"we the people† are given the right to elect those who represent our beliefs and values. The political campaigns of the politicians allows us the freedom of who to elect by selling us their views on how they feel our government should function. Many of the campaigns seem to dispute the candidate running against the other(s) but it normally ties into what they believe is wrong. Sometimes a candidate's campaign will run according to one of the candidates mistakes that they have made in office or in life. The candidate may then promise they would never make a mistake of that sort. The campaigns now days tend to be more on the negative side but negativity sells in this country. While positive campaigns reflect more on the positive goals of the campaignee it ...

International Mother Language Day Essay

UNESCO’s declaration of 21st February as the International Mother Language Day has brought fresh glory and prestige to Bangladesh which is making significant strides towards peace, progress and prosperity at home and discharging international obligations abroad. After 1952, the people of Bangladesh have been observing every year the 21st day of February as their glorious and unforgettable Language Martyrs Day. What happened on 21st February 1952 is widely known. Still let us very briefly recount the fateful happenings of that day and the circumstances that led to and followed them. In August 1947, a new state called Pakistan, comprising two far-flung wings in the west and east, separated by 1600 kilometers of foreign territory, emerged on the world map. The ideological basis of that strange phenomenon was the absurd and pernicious two nation theory of Mr. Jinnah that ignored such basic elements as language and culture and considered religion as a bond strong and sufficient enough to transform a people into a nation. The language of the people of eastern wing of Pakistan, and they were the majority, was Bangla. It had a rich tradition of literature of over a thousand years. The Bangalees also had a highly developed culture that had little in common with the culture of the people of western wing of Pakistan. The Bangalees love for and attachment to their language and culture were great and when in 1952 the neo-colonial, power-hungry, arrogant rulers of Pakistan declared that ‘Urdu and Urdu alone would be the state language of Pakistan, they sowed the seed of its future disintegration. The people of the then East Pakistan, particularly the students, rose in angry protest against the vicious undemocratic designs of the government. Those designs really amounted to the destruction of Bangla language and culture and imposition of the language and culture of the people of western wing on the people of eastern wing. The reaction was strong and spontaneous. The government decided to quell protests by brute force. The police opened  fire on 21st February 1952 on unarmed peaceful protesters, most of whom were students, resulting in the death, among others, of Rafiq, Barkat, Jabbar and Salam. As the news of those deaths spread, the entire people of the eastern wing felt greatly involved emotionally. Those who lost their lives to uphold the prestige defend the rights of their mother-language became hallowed martyrs. [Barkat] [Rafiq] [Saifur] Their sacrifice at once tragic glorious and the indignation of the people against an autocratic government had far reaching effect. 21st February became a symbol and attained mythic properties, it nourished the concepts of democracy and secularism. It also contributed significantly to the flowering of Bangalee nationalism. It led to the dawning of the realization in the minds of the Bangalees that they constituted a separate nation and their destiny lay not with Pakistan but elsewhere as an independent country. The subsequent democratic mass movements of the late fifties, throughout the sixties and the seventies, and finally the struggle for independence and the war of liberation owed a great deal to 21st February. From 1953 onwards, starting from 21st February 1953, the immortal 21st February has been observed as a great national event all over Bangladesh, and also beyond the frontiers of Bangladesh: in several places of India, UK, USA, Canada and elsewhere, wherever there is a sizeable concentration of Bangla speaking people. Yet so long, it has been mainly a national event of Bangladesh. But with the declaration of 21st February as the International Mother Language Day, it has transcended the national borders of Bangladesh and acquired an international significance and a global dimension. International Mother Language Day is particularly significant in the sense that it has a cultural importance. From now on, 21st February – so long observed in Bangladesh as the Bangla Language Martyrs’ Day – will be observed here simultaneously as the Bangla Language Martyrs’ Day and the International Mother Language Day. And in nearly 200 countries of the world, various peoples speaking various languages and belonging to various national cultures will observe 21st February as the International Mother Language Day. They will naturally celebrate their own mother languages, but while doing so, it is more than likely that they will refer to Bangladesh and the Language Movement launched by her people that reached a climactic point on 21st February 1952. The declaration made by the UNESCO in November 1999 designating 21st February as the International Mother Language Day has placed Bangladesh on the cultural map of the world with a highly positive image. We, people of Bangladesh, should now do all that we can to further develop our mother language Bangla in all branches of knowledge so that it can play a worthy role in the community of world languages. We shall love, cherish and promote Bangla, our own mother language, but we shall not indulged in any kind of chauvinism. While devotedly serving our own language, we shall respect the languages of all the peoples of the world make 21st February – The International Mother Language Day – a great day, to be observed worldwide in the new century and the millennium that we have recently stepped into. Long live 21st February the International Mother Language Day!

How to Become a Creative Genius in 5 days [Infographic]

How to Become a Creative Genius in 5 days [Infographic] If you feel like you’re lacking creativity or your creative juices are running low, you’re not alone! Despite popular belief, creativity doesn’t have to be something you’re born. It can be a trait that you develop over time. Source:[Zippi]

To Be With You Essays - Gender-neutral Language, Free Essays

To Be With You Essays - Gender-neutral Language, Free Essays To Be With You To be with you. When there are hundred people that admires you, I may be one of them. When there are two people that likes you, I may be one of them. When there is one person that loves you, I may be that person. When there is no one that loves you, Then I may not be in this world to be with you

Business Product Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Product Analysis - Coursework Example Coke was initially developed by pharmacist John Styth Pemberton in year 1886 (Biswas & Sen, 1999). In the history of 112 years, Coca-Cola has entrenched itself into American culture. In 1994, the American use was more than 773 million servings of Coca-Cola, Sprite; diet Coke, Fanta and additional products of the coke corporation. The corporation's drink products comprise bottled plus canned drinks fashioned through self-governing plus business owned bottling plus canning operations (Wikipedia, 2009), (Bellis, 1997), and (The Coca-Cola Company, 2008). The Coca Cola Company has truthfully one of the supreme stories in U.S. history.' The technique in which the company has pressed on and endured the taste of time makes an impression up till now their harshest detractor.' The Coca Cola Company has a dread exciting history and still an additional assuring future.' Their industry policy, all along with an extremely devoted customer base, has guided The Coca Cola Company to the position of boss of the market (Pendergrast, 2000), (Bellis, 1997), (Biswas & Sen, 1999) and (The Coca-Cola Company, 2008). At the present time, the Coca Cola Company is working with a network of license bottlers. It has fifty three bottling divisions aligned among 26 corporations. Each of these bottlers previously was performing business through Parle's Ramesh Chouhan, after his sale of drink products to Coke. As for each contract signed among Coke and bottlers, the previous provisions to them through soft drink focus. According to the latest plan and policy of the coca cola, the Coke bottlers will stop to remain self-governing entities; in its place, depending on physical positions, they will be amalgamated into one of the super bottling corporations. Believing the enormous impending of enlargement of the whole worldwide marketplace, coca cola desires to increase the marketplace by 40 % for each annum (Wikipedia, 2009), (Biswas & Sen, 1999), (Bellis, 1997), and (Olson, 2005). Fundamental Marketing Strategies The Coca Cola Corporation is capable to attain its aims and objectives by means of the product development or distribution technique or promotional features. In fact, better management from the plant place to the sales services that corporation presents, something could be employed to differentiate (Riz, 2009). The product forms a center in the differentiation policy in the middle of the other P's of the Marketing Mix policy. Product Differentiation is extremely significant in product management for the Coca Cola and has potential in forming flourishing marketing strategies (Pendergrast, 2000). Here I have presented the Coca-Cola Mission Statement and Objective that is developed after the huge marketing study and brand positioning research (Thecoca-colacompany, 2007) and (Wikipedia, 2009). 1.)'''''' To Refresh the World in mind, body and spirit. 2.)'''''' To motivate Moments of Optimism, in the course of our brands and our actions. 3.)'''''' To Create Value and Make a Difference, all over the place we engage. 4P's marketing Mix Models This section presents the analysis how Coca-Cola can produce a better marketing through

Article Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Analyses - Essay Example It has been opined by scholars that such organizational â€Å"dysfunctions can be overcome when members of well-designed teams collaborate to formulate and implement a performance strategy that is uniquely suited to task and situational requirements †¦. Explicit co-ordination processes are necessary for tasks that are highly interdependent †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Woolley, et. al. 354). Any work of analysis encompasses several steps and unless there is a close proximity between all these steps it becomes tough for members to produce an effective team work. Thus, simple integration with specific strategy planning is not sufficient but it is also equally important that leader of the team should attempt to ensure the elements of mutual communication as well as assistance. Unless the leader has sufficient â€Å"spatial† and â€Å"object memory ability† (Woolley, et. al. 355), the members cannot be managed properly. More or less, members of a team are required to have these qua lities but in practical situation, it is not possible that they would be experts in exercising of both these qualities. Thus, for the purpose of maintaining balance in team performance, it is required that members would complement and supplement each other. However, such process of complementing cannot be fulfilled only with expertise of the leader (â€Å"coordinating member†); rather â€Å"interpersonal diversity† of members and their respective â€Å"personal skills and experience† are also necessary to fill up the gaps (Woolley, et. al. 356). In order to overcome these problems, in case of organizational functioning of a team associated with analytical jobs, systematic evaluation of data and searching for proper modes of evidence are very important. Unless proper coordination can be ensured among team members, there will be gap amongst assimilating these two most crucial steps of analytics. Consequently,

Invisibility of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Invisibility of Nursing - Essay Example Focus of development and adoption of standard clinical terminology is to enhance quality in the field of nursing through terminologies that are established using tried and tested methods; reducing effort through avoidance of wheel reinvention; compatibility by integration of data gathered from different source systems, and great coherence and convergent mechanism between terminologies. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is responsible for standardizing nursing terminologies and coordinating various minimum data sets in the United States of America. Nursing Practice Information Infrastructure (CNPII), a committee for ANA, evaluates the data sets in addition to standardized terminologies that are submitted to them, to check whether they are in accordance to certain criteria (ANA, 2012). This criterion includes, terminology development is clinically useful and that the terms are not ambiguous in addition to being clear. The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organ ization (IHTSDO) is an international organization, which in non-profit and it is based in Denmark. The organization owns, acquires, and administers rights to SNOMED CT in addition to other related standards and health terminologies. IHTSDO purpose is to develop, promote, maintain and enable the correct uptake and use of its terminology products around the world. The organization improves health of human kind through nurturing development and use of standardized clinical terminologies. This enables accurate, safe and effective exchange of health related and clinical information. Several advantages of using standardized terminologies arise for direct care nurses. There is better communication among nurses and other health care providers. Using standardized nursing... This paper approves that various challenges arise in using standardized terminologies. Constraints arise on what is achievable and desirable. A lot of communication is health care will be informal. This includes written comments and conversations that are meant for short term purposes. The challenge here is to draw a line where to justify feasibility and desirability of formalization. Granularity is another issue. The level of details to be used in standardized language is a challenge. Relevance of details in the language is arguable on matters of functionality, for current or future use of the standardized terminologies. This essay makes a conclusion that development and adoption of standard clinical terminology, also adds value in healthy policy decision making. NMDS is essential when it comes to Medical Treatment Effectiveness Program. This is a program that is funded by the federal government and its sole purpose is to demonstrate the procedures that are most effective in production of quality client outcomes. This is enabled through a standardized nursing language through NMDS. The federal government is able to make decisions on healthy policy issues such as, effective nursing care, based on nursing data on NMDS. Another area on decision making on healthy issues is, the prospective payment for home healthcare. Through NMDS, data can be retrieved and used for prospective payment systems that can account for variances in the cost of care providence to clients in home stings.

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Abstract This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching. Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include selection, grading and presentation as their main steps. Linguistics plays an important role in the whole process of teaching by helping to facilitate a teachers understanding of the workings and systems of the language they teach. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these 2 actions. The Relationship between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is then divided into several branches which study different accepts of its use. Descriptive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics, which it is based on methodology. Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics, which it is based on the aspect of changes over time. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, which is based on a language as a system. Sociolinguistics this is related to or combined with the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. Its interest is in the relationship between language and society. It works to explains why people Use different speech in different social contexts. It’s area of study is the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The social relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001). Sociolinguistics also is concerned with the interaction of language and settings. (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). The other expert defines it as the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better  understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12) Psycholinguistics relates to the combined disciplines of psychology and linguistics. Psychology is defined as the systematic study of human experience and behavior or as the science that studies the behavior of men and other animals. Knight and Hilgert in Abu Ahmadi,(1992). It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey). The other definition of psycholinguistics is that it is the study of human language-to-language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition (E. M. Hatch). The research done on the relationship between linguistic theory and language teaching can be traced back to the late 19th century. Its relationship has been discussed and debated for many years and researched extensively. Since this time different research proposed by different scholars has been disputable and found to be largely inconclusive. In the 1960s it was decided that there needed to be a reassessment. The conclusion that was formed went in two two main directions of thought with differing points of view. One viewpoint was that linguistics is not as relevant as it was first thought to be, and its importance was overrated. Such linguists as Lamendella (1969) and Johnson (1967) expressed their disagreement to regard linguistics as the basis of a strategy of learning. Lamendella (1969) thought that it was a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for second language pedagogy. What is needed in the field of language teaching are not applied linguists but rather applied psychologists. The other point of view was to recognize that the general contribution of linguistics was important. This came though with a proviso that teaching language was not to be bound to only follow one theory alone. The idea being that different linguistic theories can offer different perspectives on language, and they can all be treated as equivalent resources useful for teaching. Levenson (1979 ) once said, ‘no one school of linguistic analysis has a monopoly of truth in the description of the phenomena of speech†¦traditional school grammar, TG grammar, †¦all these and more can be shown to have their own particular relevance to the language teaching situation. By1960 the United States, reached its peak of the influence of structural linguistics upon language Teaching. Structural linguistics stressed the importance of language as a system and investigates the place that linguistic units such as sounds, words and sentences have within this system. This then associated with behaviorism provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual theory. This then influenced language teaching materials, techniques and the teachers educations. Behaviorism led to theories, which explained how an external event, causes a change in the behavior, without any kind of mental interaction. It also stressed the importance of repetition and practice in learning a second language, this I think is a vital factor in learning a foreign language. If we look at the audio-lingual method, it emphasizes: (1) The teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; (2) The use of dialogues and drills; (3) The avoidance of the use of the mother tongue in the classroom. Audio-lingual method regards speaking and listening as the basic skills, this is in line with today’s English teaching situation. The Mentalist Approach In the 1960s Chomsky formulated the mentalist approach. The hypothesis was considered that human behavior is much more complex than animal behavior. Chomsky, felt that we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which enables a child to make a hypotheses about the structures of a language in general, and also the structure of the language being learned more importantly. By the end of the sixties’, there were new developments in teaching language starting to occur. The TG theory had a big impact resulting in a change in teaching methods. It was opposed to the empiricist theory, that is, teaching audio linguistics, linguistically structuralism and psychologically behaviorism. TG theory. 1 It stresses mental activity. 2 It postulates that all human beings have an innate ability to learn a language. 3 That it is an inborn instinctual ability and not practice that made human beings obtain the rules of a language and understand and can produce countless numbers of sentences. The Natural Method was successfully used in various language schools in the USA and Europe in the late 19th and the early 20th century. In the post-World War I decades, the direct method was adopted into English language teaching (ELT) this laid a solid intellectual and practical foundation for developing ELT as an autonomous profession. Some linguists, like Diller (1970), openly declared his preference for the cognitive position; while others, like Chastain (1976) and Rivers (1981:25-27) held that the two theories were complementary and served different types of learners or teachers or represented different phases of the language learning process. Applied Linguists brought about the situational approach and the notional/functional method. It is based on a broader framework for the description of language use called communicative competence proposed by Hymes, This brought about the communicative approach to language teaching came into being. In 1970s, a group of scholars including Oller (1970) and Widdowson (1978), were linguists but at also closely in touch with teaching practice. They gave language teaching and language pedagogy the linguistic direction they regarded as necessary. Since they were in touch with language teaching practice and linguistic so had a two-way view of the problem, they placed emphasis on real language and its communication and use. To take Oller’s interest in pragmatics as an example. Oller (1970:507) claimed that pragmatics has implications for language teaching; it defines the goal of teaching a language as prompting the students not merely to manipulate meaningless sound sequences, but to send and receive messages in the language. The students in China start English when they are in primary school. In the past, more attention was paid to the grammar, the result was very disappointing: Now the emphases is on speaking and listening. The audio-lingual method is now used in the classroom. In China, more people need to learn English in order to have the ability to communicate with foreigners. In this case, speaking and listening is much more important than being able to read and write. They are not expected to have a high level of English and their aim is simple, they need to communicate with a foreigner so they can understand their words and express themselves well. This is based on simple daily conversation. A market sale and business or being able to work in the tourism industries. Basic conversation and understanding can be very helpful in everyday conversation exchanges. The Audio-lingual method stressed the repetition and it theorizes that a language is learnt through the formation of habits. To speak English fluently, without constant practice, is impossible. So in our English teaching, we must help our students speak and listen well. Expressing ourselves properly is not always an easy thing, especially if it’s an emotionally charged topic. Even an English major may sometimes find it problematic to express exactly what they mean so it is understood by the other person in a way that is understood by all. When I go to Cambodia I find the generally that the population though not taught English in school has good English conversation capacity. They may not read or write but I feel if they had the opportunity to learn now they have grasped the basic language that they would with more ease. There is a need for them to talk and sell to foreigners so they have had a need and incentive to learn and the fact that their using it every day also helps. Though there are of course talented students I find in Thailand the communication level is not good as a lot of emphases is but on reading, writing and grammar, that many times, is not really understood or comprehended. Thai students learn form primary but they do not always have a reason to speak out of the classroom. One lesson a week in speaking and 3 of grammar I find makes the students scared to use the language. I teach with Thailand teachers and due to a some general pronunciation problems the students are confused about the sounds of the words and how to string them together. Confidence helps a lot just talking even if it is wrong. I always attempt to inspire confidence as I feel it is very important for speech. In my opinion, linguistics and language teaching relationship is a dual one. There are some theories of linguistics that can be applied to language teaching, i. e.  linguistics guides in development of language teaching theory. On the other hand, a language teaching theory expresses or implies answers to questions about the nature of language. It is necessary for a language teacher has some knowledge about, the systems of languages. A teacher should understand how the language works and expresses meaning and the structures that are used in the language being taught. A teacher needs to know how to make the phonic sounds and the mechanics to produce these sounds. This helps with pronunciation problems that students will encounter. By studying linguistics a teacher will have a deeper insight into the nature of language and the language the student speaks as theyre first language. If we agree that the use of a language is a matter of habits and practice, then a teacher needs to implant the habit of using it for communication until it becomes second nature. Conclusion Linguistic theory is continually developing and teaching theories are constantly changing as is the language itself. This alone demands a permanent study of languages and the relationships between linguistic theory and language teaching methods. There are many techniques and theories but no one concept or technique can take in the Different needs student may have and the differing ways people learn. This is a science in its self. There can be many differences in understanding between the L1 and L2 language from different cultural understandings and different sounds that may be new to the learner. There are many ways a culture will express its self along with idiosyncrasies and local knowledge of the everyday life in the culture. They say when you understand humor you start to know a language. If one could take every student as an individual and teach them the best way they learnt one would be assured of good results. Knowing the basic individual attributes the child had can enable to teacher to create classes designed for their individual needs. This is a luxury that tutors can give their students but in the classroom one dose not have so much control. A practical framework designed to suit the most students and the context that is the most appropriate. The Relationship of Linguistic Materials for the Second Language Teacher. Because of political, economic and also technical changes, English has become widely taught as an official business language worldwide, also as a second language to immigrants in English-speaking countries to gain entry and work, and as a foreign language in many non-English-speaking countries. This is also largely due to the computer so there is a universal language for coding and business. There are many theories on different ways to teach and different scholarly thoughts on the best process. I feel that this depends on the type of English you are teaching. Since there are many different needs a student may have. In China the emphases is on communication with foreigners on a daily basis like selling them something in a market or doing business. In other countries such as Thailand the emphases is put on Grammar and writing and reading and only a small part into communication. So while there are still many theories on the best way to teach I feel in my knowledge so far that it is best to learn as many ways as possible and how they work in the different environments. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these two actions but not the scope of this essay. One of the most fantastic Linguistic help I think the corpus is one of the best ways to get relevant vocabulary for your students. This is helpful for Syllabus and curriculum planning and for all areas of language teaching. References Chastain, K. (1976). Developing Second-Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally. Diller, K. C. (1970). ‘Linguistic theories of language acquisition’ in Hester 1970:1-32. Johnson, M. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational Theory, 17:127-40. Lamendella, J. T. (1969). On the irrelevance of transformational grammar to second language pedagogy. Language Learning, 19:255-70. Levenson, E. A. (1979). Second language lexical acquisition: issues and problems. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4:147-60. Oller, J. W. (1970). Transformational theory and pragmatics. Modern Language Journal, 54:504-507. Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H. G.. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .? Zeki Hamawand, Z. Morphology in English: Word formation in cognitive grammar. continuum. Publishing. ( Zeki Hamawand, Z. (2011).

Ethnicity And Democracy In The Case Of Kenya Politics Essay

Ethnicity And Democracy In The Case Of Kenya Politics Essay Ethnicity is derived from Greek word ethnos, which means a nation or a people. The term ethnicity may also mean a race or group of people with common racial features and common cultural uniqueness. Once consciousness of being part of an ethnic group is created, it takes on a self preservation dimension and is passed from one generation to another. Also, Max Weber  [2]  defined an ethnic group as those human beings or groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of migration or colonization in such a way that this belief is important for the continuance of non-kinship communal relationships. Ethnic affiliation is deeply embedded inside peoples consciousness and is difficult for them to break away from it. Thus ethnicity is natural and innate in human beings as part of their nature, which is inevitable. Every human being has a natural inclination towards identifying with other persons whom he/she share common interests, history or origin. Mans sense of belonging makes him associate with people he/she is closely related with, which results in the formation of an ethnic group with its unique and peculiar way of life. A fundamental unity between the different persons in an African community, that is, a unity of human relationship, underlies Traditional African morality. African morality places considerable value on the conformity of the individual to the social group in order to preserve the unity of communal associations. It could be said that in a way, African thought is indeed more concerned with the relationship than with the different entities which constitute the relationship. All human behavior is thus expected to conform to this value to ensure social harmony. Kenya is a multicultural and multi ethnic country comprising of more than forty two ethnic identities each with its own unique way of life. In the opinion of this study, good governance is the starting point for Africas recovery, not only for the benefit of Africans themselves, but also to pacify western fears of failed states which may harbor volatile dissidents or terrorists. According to the Wests experience, a fundamental element of improving governance is the transition to a democratic society. While it is accepted that dictatorships tend to offer more stability, democracy if all of the conditions are met is promotive of the best outcomes in terms of human liberty. Legitimate democratic governments are less violent towards their citizens, and because they permit opposition, are less likely to result in bloody revolutions  [3]  . Negative ethnicity still remains a dominant political force and it has brought with it poverty and exploitation which have for a long time held Kenya hostage. Since Independence, Kenyan politicians have manipulated ethnic divisions for their own myopic political and economic agendas, maintaining ethnicity at the forefront of the collective psyche. Despite being a powerful tool for conflict, ethnicity has simultaneously evolved into a valuable resource for access to economic stability for corrupt politicians, and opportunities to plunder state resources. In Kenya, state fund allocation is distributed by ethnic region, creating disparities and animosities between different ethnic groups. In fact the major reason that caused the infamous 2007 post election violence and skirmishes in which over 100 people lost their lives and property worth millions of dollars destroyed, was due to the perceived marginalization of some Kenyan communities denying them access to state resources and employm ent opportunities. In terms of democratic elections, ethnic or tribal affiliation dictates loyalties. Regardless of electoral platform, the Kenyan citizenry will almost exclusively vote for their ethnic representative. In the 2007 presidential elections, ethnicity played a crucial role. Mr. Mwai Kibaki, a Kikuyu, got few votes in Nyanza province which is predominantly Luo, whereas his opponent Mr. Raila Odinga, a Luo, got minimal votes in Central province which is predominantly Kikuyu. Kenyan politics has always been practiced based on a high degree of ethnic exploitation and opportunism. Kenyan politicians frequently base their political campaigns by appealing to tribal fears, stereotypes and ethnic expectations thus relegating to the backseat broad-based genuine and ethnically inclusive and equitable democratic platforms. Because I am from your tribe, you can trust me I will not eat alone please Vote for me, with the implied meaning that you cannot trust those who do not belong to your tribe and they will not share with you the national cake. This is because voters think that having their tribesmen and women in power necessarily translates to better life for them. So when ones kinsperson loses a competitive election, violence usually breaks out. This can be explained by the fact that when an individual wins an election whether fairly or through fraud, he/she diverts all state resources to his/her region and the rest of the country has to wait for five years until elections are held for them to get a chance to have one of their own in power. Kenyans vote as ethnic blocs partly because the economic inequalities in the country has brought with it widespread poverty and political illiteracy. People who are politically illiterate and poverty stricken need basic needs like food and not freedom of thought and conscience. They do not care about their right to vote and how it affects them. Thus potential voters always sell their electors cards for a loaf of bread or for a sum of less than one US dollar to their tribal kingpins. The less fortunate are the majority in Kenya and thus more vulnerable to ethnic manipulation by crooked politicians and lords of impunity. The Kenyan electorate has become sycophantic and in most cases rarely make autonomous choices when voting due to negative ethnicity. This violates an individuals ability to exercise his/her voluntariness. This is ones ability to make a choice without being unduly pressured to make a particular choice for any specific reason. Being free in making a decision means that w e own the decision as ours and that one ought to have a better option. The principle of voluntariness removes coercion or any influence as possible so that the decision is the individuals and not someone elses. The purpose of coercion and undue influence is to do an end run around a choice or judgment so that an individual will do what he/she might not ordinarily have done in the absence of such irrationally persuasive techniques. An individuals decisions and choices at their very best ought to be as a result of his /her own self determination. The well being of a nation depends on the capacity of the electorate to choose leaders wisely and prudently. Ethnic voting patterns undermine the common good in terms of the quality of leadership since in most cases the ones whose ethnic group is more populous even if their leadership qualities are deficient, are the ones who get elected. Taken to its extreme, negative ethnicity results in coups and revolutions. In Kenya ethnicity has been used as a partial criterion for apportioning benefits and burdens among the citizenry. This practice is rampant during employment and discharge of public services in which special and undue consideration is given to a person on the basis of his/her ethnic identity. Here meritocracy is not the criterion. Negative ethnicity has undermined the common good by placing unqualified persons to positions of responsibility. It is also worth noting that the current president Mwai Kibaki has on many occasions been accused of favoring his community in making public appointments. Plum government jobs are held by people from his Mount Kenya region and Kikuyu community. It is not surprising to see key government ministries like that of Finance, Trade, energy, Provincial Administration among other plum ministries are being run by people from the presidents community. Corruption is rife in these ministries as no one is willing to blow up the whistle since it is one of their own eating (muntu wa nyumba, a slang word people from the presidents community use to identify one another). This has not only denied the qualified and deserving persons the opportunity to actualize their potential but has also led to ineffectual performance of duty and services to the public. Negative ethnicity violates the principle of equity, which allows discrimination by reference to morally relevant differences and forbids discrimination in the absence of such differences. It is fair to discriminate in favor of the needy or the meritorious or the able; it is unfair to discriminate between people who are equally able by merely appealing to ones ethnicity. Loyalty to ones ethnic group is highly celebrated in Kenya and this has become more rampant than moral rules in shaping behavior. The culture of us versus them is so ingrained in our country that politicians have coined all types of ethnic expressions and innuendos to whip up ethnic emotions among the citizenry. Phrases such as Eshienyu ne Eshienyu (ours is ours however rotten or bad it may appear to others), Kamwene (it has its owner, it belongs to us not them) have taken centre stage in Kenyas political lingo. A public office is seen to belong to a whole community by virtue of one of their own being the holder of that office. Consequently any positive criticism aimed at the holder of the office is taken to be an affront and assault on the entire community. Thus this way obligation to ones ethnic group often take precedence over those of public office, resulting in political leaders deviating from established rules and thus sowing seeds of corruption and impunity. Ethnic loyalties and other primordial ties have made political leaders develop a sense of obligation that is inconsistent with ethics of public office. Failure to discharge these obligations even if inspired by a need to follow moral rules and values may result in a backlash from the persons respective ethnic community. Ethnic chauvinism is an extreme form of collective self interests where ones ethnic group is the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. Thus, ethnocentrism is responsible for many armed conflicts in Kenya and Africa at large. When ethnic loyalty becomes the guiding principle in awarding burdens and benefits in society, there is no objectivity in carrying out public appointments, awarding contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits. The choices are not based on merit but on ethnic identities. Political power allocation of resources, jobs and services cannot be left at the mercy of ethnic self interest, private ownership and personal possession because this can have adverse effects on the basic inherent rights of others whose interests have been excluded. Social exclusion damages the social self thus spoiling personal identity. Social inclusion and participation in terms of access to the material conditions of well being in society is an important pre-condition for human freedom. If people are excluded from such access, the development of their social self becomes impaired. In the language of Plato and Aristotle, equal shares ought to go to equals and unequal to unequal. In Politics III, 12, Aristotle puts it thus if flutes are to be distributed, they should go only to those who have the capacity for playing flutes, that is, benefits and responsibilities should be proportionate to the worth of those who receive them. Thus it is fair to discriminate in favor of the needy or meritorious but unfair to discriminate between people who are equally needy and equally meritorious. Justice which is one of the basic pillars of humanity deals with the distribution of burdens and benefits of goods and services according to a just standard to all human beings in any society. Negative ethnicity in Kenya has hindered the growth of democracy. This is because the Kenyan electorate votes along ethnic lines. Thus the electorate will vote for a candidate who is from their ethnic community even if he/she does not have good leadership qualities. This in turn has affected the quality of leadership in our country since undeserving candidates (tribal jingoists) whip up ethnic emotions of their community to rally behind them. This has bred leaders who distribute national resources along ethnic lines. Thus one can only access national resources and privileges if he/she has a member of his/her community holding a public office. This has sowed seeds of corruption, ethnic strife and impunity. Thus it is not strange to see two communities forming an alliance to defeat a candidate from a community they consider to be their common political enemy. This cultural myopia is destructive and undermines the quality of leadership and also quality of life of the entire Kenyan citiz enry. It is also worth noting that currently a group of politicians led by the current Vice President, Mr. Kalonzo Musyoka, are at the moment touting of forming a tribal alliance called triple K (KKK) comprising of three ethnic communities, the Kamba, Kikuyu and Kalenjin so as to front one candidate whose myopic agenda is to block the current Prime Minister Mr. Raila Odinga from winning the 2012 presidential elections. Such alliances undermine democracy and the rule of law in Kenya. This has bred impunity and entrenched corruption since one can get away with theft of public resources as long as his/her kinsperson is in power. Majority of Kenyans have great expectations in the International Criminal Court (ICC) stepping in, and helping entrench the rule of law in a country in which tribe matters than law. This is because without the rule of law being entrenched in society, there can never be any meaningful democracy in a country. Socrates set the agenda of reflectively questioning common beliefs and explanations carefully distinguishing those beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those which however appealing they may be to our native ethnocentrism, even if they serve our vested interests, may lack adequate rational foundation to warrant our belief. In the opinion of this study ethnic loyalties that discriminate against others on the basis or arbitrary criterion of ones tribe undermine human dignity. Jesus Christ affirmed that Love your neighbor as you love yourself. This is the way in which dignity fulfills itself. It means transformation from being self centered. Human dignity is destroyed by self love. Self interests are good when united with others interests to form common interests and bad when fulfilled at the expense of others. Ethnic common interests as represented in a democratically organized society are the best way of guaranteeing everyone some basic means of existence. Ethnicity per se however, is not divisive or alienating when not taken to the extreme as is the case with tribal jingoists. This paper argues for the enhancement of criticality among Kenyans to curb negative ethnicity. Kenyans need to be thoroughly reflective in every area of their lives. Such criticality will enhance individuality in the Kenyan electorate. This will transform people into persons who, motivated by high order value of truth, universal well being of all ethnic communities and the inter-relatedness of humanity would transcend personal and group egoism. This will inculcate tolerance among the various ethnic groups in Kenya. A critical thinker thinks for himself/herself as an individual and only accepts what has been proved or demonstrated to the satisfaction of reason. A critical thinker cannot be short circuited in his/her decision making process so as to choose one alternative rather than another. Autonomy empowers a person to have a strong sense of personal responsibility for his/her own choices and actions. Critical thinking will minimize incidences of blind unquestioning ethnic loyalties and conformity to established cultural norms that perpetuate ethnic chauvinism and impunity..